DEFINITION AND SCOPE
Syllabus
Definition and Scope.
Medications may
be ordered for a patient by a licensed physician (or other authorized
prescriber). The order is usually recorded by the prescriber on a sheet of
paper, known as prescription or a physician’s order form .
Customarily, the prescription form is utilized for hospital outpatients (the
patients those who are released immediately after diagnosis and if required
after minor treatment).
The
patient produces the prescription to the pharmacist (in retail shop or
hospital). Pharmacist dispenses the medication according to the prescription
and patient takes the medication at home.
The
nurse produces the physician’s order form to the pharmacist (of the hospital). Pharmacist
dispenses the medication prescribed in the form and nurse administers the
medication to the inpatient.
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THE PRESCRIPTION
The
prescription or the physician’s order form is written either by the physician
or may be noted down by the pharmacist immediately and completely (as per the
verbal order form the physician).
A
prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner to a
pharmacist, which communicates to him the names and quantities of medicines to
be compounded and/or dispensed and contains instructions, regarding to dosage
regimen etc. for the patient.
EXAMPLE OF PRESCRIPTIONS
Example 1:
Prescription
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Example 2
Physician’s order form
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Example 2 may be prescribed in the following manner also.
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Definition:
Dispensing is concerned with the preparation and supply of medicines.
Role of pharmacist in
dispensing a medication:
After receiving a prescription the pharmacist has the
following roles:
1. Pharmacist
should read the prescription carefully, make sure that he/she understands it
and that it is legally correct.
2. If
necessary the pharmacist should find the formula of the preparation in an
appropriate source of information (like Pharmacopoeias, Formularies etc.)
3. Doses
for internal preparations should be checked.
4. Pharmacist
should check, from any appropriate source, if any ingredient is a poison. If
so, another person should check the weight of the drug again.
5. Pharmacist
should confirm that there are no pharmaceutical or therapeutic
incompatibilities between different ingredients used in the preparation.
6. For
correct method of preparation and well-indexed practical notebook should be
consulted.
7. The
storage condition of the preparation
should be checked from any official book (e.g. Pharmacopoeias) and the storage
condition of the drug from some other source of information. This information
will determine the choice of container and labels.
8. The
calculations should be worked out.
9. The
calculations should be checked.
10. The correct container and closure should be collected.
11. The main label should be written.
12. The
preparation is to be prepared and
packed in the container. The container is polished.
13. The
label is checked and fixed on the container.
14. Pharmacist
should instruct the patient about the method of administration.
15. Make
appropriate records.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
The use of information sources is an essential part of
dispensing. There are a number of authentic pharmaceutical literatures
available in this regard.
Source
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Information available
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Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
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Physico-chemical properties of drugs, excipients.
Identification tests, assay methods.
Dose, storage and uses.
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United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary (USP
& NF)
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Physico-chemical propeties of drugs, excipients.
Identification tests, assay methods.
Dose, storage and uses.
Formulae for preparation of various medication.
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British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
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Monographs of drugs and other materials.
Formula of few important preparations not present in BNF
or BPC.
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British National Formulary (BNF)
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Notes on medicines intended for prescribers.
Collection of formulae of various common preparations.
Detailed dose and pediatric dose.
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British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
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Provides the standards for medicaments and materials not
included in BP.
Provides formula and method of preparation
Definition and class of preparation (like capsules,
lotions etc. Precautions to be taken while preparation.
Instructions on container, labeling and storage.
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Extra Pharmacopoeia (Martindale)
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Provides up-to-date information about all substances,
official, unofficial and proprietary that are currently used in pharmacy.
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Pharmaceutical Hand Book
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Preparation of medicines
Table of solubilities
Hydrogen ion concentration
Isotonic and iso-osmotic solutions, including a table of
sodium chloride equivalent.
Veterinary posological table.
A table relating to body surface area with height and
weight.
Synonyms of popular and obsolete preparations.
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Meyer’s Side Effects of Drugs: An Encyclopaedia of Adverse
Drug Reactions and Interactions
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Adverse drug reactions and interactions.
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Drug Interactions and Updates
Hansten P., Horn JR.
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Guide to clinically recognized drug-drug interaction.
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Text Books
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Bently’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
Cooper & Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students
Introduction to Pharamceutical Dosage Forms, Ansel
Prescription Pharmacy, J.B. Sprowl
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Monthly Index of Medical Specialities
(MIMS)
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Useful for prescribers.
Dose, contraindication, adverse effects, mode of actions
of individual drug.
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DOWN LOAD-----ORIGINALL----DEFINATION AND SCOPE
FOR PHARMACEUTICS THEORY